Acne, eczema, and psoriasis: understanding the most common skin conditions and how to treat them

Skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and psoriasis affect millions of people worldwide, often causing discomfort, irritation, and self-consciousness. While these conditions have different causes and symptoms, they all require proper management to prevent flare-ups and long-term skin damage. Understanding their underlying causes and the best treatment options can help you maintain healthier skin.

What is acne?

Acne is a skin condition that develops when hair follicles become clogged with excess oil (sebum), dead skin cells, and bacteria. It commonly appears on the face, chest, back, and shoulders and can range from mild breakouts to severe, painful cysts. Acne affects people of all ages, but it is most prevalent in teenagers and young adults due to hormonal changes.

Common types of acne

• Whiteheads: Small, closed pores filled with oil and dead skin cells.
• Blackheads: Open pores clogged with debris, appearing black due to oxidation.
• Papules: Small, inflamed red bumps caused by bacterial infection.
• Pustules: Similar to papules but filled with pus.
• Cysts and nodules: Deep, painful lumps under the skin, often leading to scarring.

Causes of acne

• Excess oil production
• Clogged hair follicles
• Bacterial growth (Cutibacterium acnes)
• Hormonal fluctuations (puberty, pregnancy, or menstrual cycles)
• Stress and diet
• Genetics
• Certain medications (such as corticosteroids and lithium)

Treatment options for acne

• Topical treatments: Over-the-counter creams and cleansers containing benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids can help clear mild acne.
• Prescription medications: Dermatologists may prescribe topical retinoids, antibiotics, or hormonal treatments like the contraceptive pill for women with hormonal acne.
• Oral medications: In severe cases, oral antibiotics or isotretinoin (commonly known as Accutane) may be recommended.
• Lifestyle changes: Maintaining a gentle skincare routine, avoiding harsh scrubs, eating a balanced diet, and managing stress can help reduce acne flare-ups.
• Professional treatments: Chemical peels, laser therapy, and light-based treatments can improve acne and acne scars.

What is eczema?

Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes red, itchy, dry, and cracked skin. It often begins in childhood and can persist into adulthood. Eczema is not contagious but can be triggered by allergens, irritants, stress, or weather changes.

Symptoms of eczema

• Intense itching
• Red or brownish patches of skin
• Dry, cracked, or scaly skin
• Oozing or crusting in severe cases
• Thickened, leathery skin from repeated scratching

Causes of eczema

• Genetic predisposition
• Overactive immune response to environmental triggers
• Skin barrier dysfunction leading to increased moisture loss
• Allergens such as pollen, dust mites, and pet dander
• Irritants like harsh soaps, detergents, and fragrances
• Cold, dry weather or excessive heat
• Emotional stress

Treatment options for eczema

• Moisturisers: Daily application of fragrance-free, hypoallergenic moisturisers helps repair the skin barrier and reduce dryness.
• Topical corticosteroids: Used to control inflammation during flare-ups.
• Antihistamines: Help reduce itching and discomfort.
• Prescription creams: Calcineurin inhibitors (like tacrolimus) may be recommended for sensitive areas.
• Wet wrap therapy: Helps soothe severe eczema by locking in moisture.
• Lifestyle modifications: Identifying and avoiding triggers, wearing soft, breathable fabrics, and using a humidifier in dry environments can help prevent flare-ups.
• Biologic treatments: For severe cases, injectable biologic drugs may be prescribed to target immune system dysfunction.

What is psoriasis?

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that speeds up the life cycle of skin cells, causing them to accumulate rapidly on the surface. This leads to red, scaly patches, often on the scalp, elbows, knees, and lower back. Psoriasis is not contagious but can significantly impact a person’s quality of life.

Common types of psoriasis

• Plaque psoriasis: The most common form, characterised by raised, red patches covered with silvery scales.
• Guttate psoriasis: Small, drop-shaped spots, often triggered by infections.
• Inverse psoriasis: Smooth, red lesions that appear in skin folds, such as under the breasts or around the groin.
• Pustular psoriasis: White pustules surrounded by inflamed skin.
• Erythrodermic psoriasis: A severe, life-threatening form that causes widespread redness, shedding, and severe itching.

Causes of psoriasis

• Immune system dysfunction, where the body mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells
• Genetic predisposition
• Environmental triggers such as stress, infections, and certain medications
• Skin injuries, cuts, or sunburn
• Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption

Treatment options for psoriasis

• Topical treatments: Corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues (calcipotriol), and moisturisers can help reduce scaling and inflammation.
• Phototherapy: Light therapy using UVB rays can slow skin cell turnover and reduce symptoms.
• Systemic medications: For severe cases, oral or injectable biologic drugs that suppress the immune system may be recommended.
• Lifestyle changes: Managing stress, avoiding smoking and alcohol, and following a skin-friendly diet can help control psoriasis.

When to see a dermatologist

If your skin condition is persistent, severe, or affecting your daily life, consulting a dermatologist is essential. A specialist can provide personalised treatment, including access to dermatologist-only medications if appropriate. Early intervention can help prevent complications such as scarring, infections, or long-term skin damage.

Managing common skin conditions for healthier skin

Acne, eczema, and psoriasis are among the most common skin conditions, but with the right knowledge and treatment, they can be effectively managed. If you’re struggling with a persistent skin condition, a teledermatology consultation can provide expert advice and tailored solutions from the comfort of your home. At Dermo Direct, our dermatologists are here to help you achieve clearer, healthier skin.

FAQs

Can acne, eczema, and psoriasis be cured completely?

While there is no permanent cure for these conditions, they can be effectively managed with proper treatment and lifestyle adjustments. Many people experience significant improvement with the right skincare routine, medications, and professional guidance.

What is the best way to prevent acne breakouts?

Preventing acne involves maintaining a consistent skincare routine, using non-comedogenic products, avoiding excessive touching of the face, and managing stress and diet. If acne persists, consulting a dermatologist is recommended.

Is eczema contagious?

No, eczema is not contagious. It is a chronic skin condition caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

What are common triggers for eczema flare-ups?

Eczema can be triggered by allergens (pollen, dust mites, pet dander), harsh soaps, fragrances, extreme weather, stress, and certain foods. Identifying and avoiding triggers can help manage symptoms.

How do I know if I have psoriasis or eczema?

Eczema usually causes itchy, dry, and inflamed skin, whereas psoriasis leads to thick, scaly, red patches that may be itchy or painful. A dermatologist can provide an accurate diagnosis based on your symptoms.

Can diet affect acne, eczema, or psoriasis?

Yes, diet can influence these conditions. Processed foods, dairy, and sugar may aggravate acne, while inflammatory foods can worsen eczema and psoriasis. Eating a balanced diet rich in antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and hydration can support skin health.

Are prescription treatments necessary for managing these skin conditions?

Mild cases can often be managed with over-the-counter treatments and lifestyle changes. However, moderate to severe cases may require prescription medications such as topical corticosteroids, retinoids, antibiotics, or biologic drugs.

Can stress worsen skin conditions like acne, eczema, and psoriasis?

Yes, stress is a common trigger for all three conditions. Practising stress management techniques such as meditation, exercise, and proper sleep can help reduce flare-ups.

When should I see a dermatologist for my skin condition?

You should consult a dermatologist if your skin condition is persistent, worsening, or significantly affecting your daily life. Professional treatment can help prevent complications and improve skin health.

Can teledermatology help with skin conditions like acne, eczema, and psoriasis?

Yes, teledermatology services like Dermo Direct provide expert consultations, treatment plans, and access to dermatologist-only medications when necessary, making it easier to manage your skin condition from home.